ABB 贝利PHARPS32200000

ABB 贝利PHARPS32200000

   摘要：电能质量与节能降耗的关系密切，通过各种电能质量治理措施即可达到节能降耗目的，而出于节能降耗目的投入的节能设备也会对电网电能质量产生一定的影响。有必要对两者相互关系进行研究，以便更好解决问题。

    关键词：电能质量治理；节能设备；节能降耗

    1前言

    电能质量是指公用电网对电力用户公共连接点的电压质量和电力用户在公共连接点对公用电网的干扰水平。可用谐波电压、电压偏差、电压波动和闪变、三相电压不平衡度、电压暂降、电压暂升、谐波电流、负序电流等参数描述。

    节能降耗就是应用技术上可靠、经济上可行合理、环境和社会都可以接受的方法，有效利用能源，提高用能设备或工艺的能量利用效率，降低能源的损失与浪费。

    随着电网电能质量污染的日益严重，各种电能质量治理措施提上日程，它们对系统的节能降耗起到了积极的作用。而近年来电力电子技术的进步也带动节能技术、设备不断发展，在电网中大量应用的节能设备都使用了现代电力电子技术，将不可避免地对电网电能质量产生一定的影响。因此，有必要对电能质量和节能之间的关系进行研究，以便更好地解决各相关问题。电能质量治理与节能降耗的关系可以从两个方面来论述：一是治理电网电能质量会带来节能效益，二是节能、设备技术对电网电能质量也有影响。

    2电能质量治理的节能效益

    各种治理电能质量的措施中，会带来节能效益的有两种：谐波抑制技术和无功补偿技术。谐波除了会造成电网污染外，还会造成谐波功率，在电网和电气设备上造成附加损耗，带来能源浪费。采取相应措施消除谐波是电网节能措施的一个重要方面。电网异地无功输送不但会在线路上产生大量的能耗损耗和浪费，而且会导致受端电压质量变差。因此采用就地补偿，使电网运行于较高的功率因数，保证了较好的输电、供电质量，也实现了能源的节约。

    2.1谐波治理带来的节能效益

    工业的发展使越来越多的电力电子设备以及非线性负荷在电网中获得应用，这使得谐波污染问题更加凸显出来。谐波除了会造成电网污染和危害电力系统正产运行外，还会带来大量谐波功率损耗，浪费能源，并危害各种节电设备。

    （1）减少电网、旋转电机和变压器附加损耗

    谐波电流在电网中的流动将在线路上产生有功损耗，它是线路网损的一部分，如式（1）所示。

    （1）

    一般来说，谐波电流与基波电流相比所占比重不大，但是谐波频率高，因导线的集肤效应使谐波电阻增加很多，因此由谐波产生的附加损耗也大。更重要的是是电网电压波形受到污染，供电质量下降，从而危及各种用电设备（包括节电设备）的正常运行。

谐波对旋转电机的影响主要是引起附加损耗和过热，其次是产生机械振动、噪声和谐波过电压。这些将缩短电机的寿命，严重时甚至会损坏电机。曾经在现场工况调查遇到过这样的例子，某工厂的电动机运行之前一直正常，但是最近一段以来却连续出现损坏，经查原来是接于同一电网的相邻配电室新投入了大型整流装置，因未采取消除谐波措施，其谐波电流流入而使电动机连续损坏。

    谐波源产生的谐波电流流入变压器时，主要影响是增加了变压器的铜损耗和铁损耗。还会引起变压器外壳、硅钢片和某些紧固件的发热，并有可能变压器局部严重过热。此外，谐波还会引起变压器的噪声增大。

    从上述介绍可知，谐波会在电网和各种电气设备（旋转电机、变压器等）上造成大量谐波功率损耗，高次谐波分量比低次谐波分量更容易引起损耗（但电网中高次谐波含量一般远低于低次谐波，谐波损耗主要还是由低次谐波引起）。因此采用各种谐波治理措施消除公用电网谐波，可以有效降低谐波功率损耗，带来重大节能效益。

    （2）延长节电设备的使用寿命

    随着非线性电力设备的广泛应用，电力系统中谐波问题日趋严重，谐波的存在会对节电设备造成损坏，加速绝缘老化。谐波叠加后的电压峰值对节电器件老化有很大的影响，研究表明，谐波对其寿命的主要影响因素为：电压峰值、电压均方根值和电压斜波率。其中峰值对它寿命的影响最大。

    例如作为并联成套装置的节电设备，在谐波干扰下运行的，主要影响如下：

    ①畸变的电压波形使器件局部性能下降，由于谐波的存在，电压波形发生畸变，使电压峰值增加，呈锯齿状尖顶波。长时间的局部放电，必然加速绝缘介质的老化，使其自愈性能恶化，最终导致设备损坏。

    ②严重的谐波过电流使器件损耗功率增加，导致严重发热。在相关标准中，允许通过的稳态过电流，应不超过在额定频率、额定正弦电压下产生的电流的1.3倍，这个稳态过电流使谐波和过电压共同作用的结果。因此，在如此大的损耗功率下，器件将异常发热，必然使绝缘迅速老化而早期损坏。

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