TRICONEX 3721

TRICONEX 3721

  无线传感器网络（WSN）是一种分布式传感网络，它的末梢是可以感知和检查外部世界的传感器网络。无线传感器网络利用现有的因特网、移动通信网和电话网将室内环境参数、家电设备运行状态等信息告知住户，使住户能够及时了解家居内部情况，并对家电设备进行远程监控，实现家庭内部和外界的信息传递，无线传感器网络使住户不但可以在任何可以上网的地方通过浏览器监控家中的水表、电表、煤气表、电器热水器、空调、电饭煲等，安防系统煤气泄露报警系统、外人侵入预警系统等，而且可通过浏览器设置命令，对家电设备远程控制。

    无线传感器网络主要由三个部分组成：节点、网关和软件。空间分布的测量节点通过与传感器连接对周围环境进行监控。监测到的数据无线发送至网关，网关可以与有线系统相连接，这样就能使用软件对数据进行采集、加工、分析和显示。路由器是一种特别的测量节点，你可以使用它在WSN中延长距离以及增加可靠性。

    无线传感器网络中，节点的唤醒方式有以下几种：

    （1）全唤醒模式：这种模式下，无线传感器网络中的所有节点同时唤醒，探测并跟踪网络中出现的目标，虽然这种模式下可以得到较高的跟踪精度，然而是以网络能量的消耗巨大为代价的。

    （2）随机唤醒模式：这种模式下，无线传感器网络中的节点由给定的唤醒概率p随机唤醒。

    （3）由预测机制选择唤醒模式：这种模式下，无线传感器网络中的节点根据跟踪任务的需要，选择性的唤醒对跟踪精度收益较大的节点，通过本拍的信息预测目标下一时刻的状态，并唤醒节点。

    （4）任务循环唤醒模式：这种模式下，无线传感器网络中的节点周期性的出于唤醒状态，这种工作模式的节点可以与其他工作模式的节点共存，并协助其他工作模式的节点工作。

    其中由预测机制选择唤醒模式可以获得较低的能耗损耗和较高的信息收益。

    功能WSN并不界定网路型态，也就是可以是star、mesh、P2P或综合以上型态的网路，但都一定具备下列的功能：

    1.Sensors/microcontroller：侦测、搜集以及处理环境中的资料，例如侦测温度、湿度等等。

    2.Radiofrequency：节点或gateway用以收发资料。

    3.Software：包含在节点端的嵌入式系统以及使用者端的管理程式，软体确保资料感测的功能进行顺利以及提供容易阅读的介面。

    主要特点：

    大规模

    为了获取精确信息，在监测区域通常部署大量传感器节点，可能达到成千上万，甚至更多。传感器网络的大规模性包括两方面的含义：一方面是传感器节点分布在很大的地理区域内，如在原始大森林采用传感器网络进行森林防火和环境监测，需要部署大量的传感器节点；另一方面，传感器节点部署很密集，在面积较小的空间内，密集部署了大量的传感器节点。

    传感器网络的大规模性具有如下优点：通过不同空间视角获得的信息具有更大的信噪比；通过分布式处理大量的采集信息能够提高监测的精确度，降低对单个节点传感器的精度要求；大量冗余节点的存在，使得系统具有很强的容错性能；大量节点能够增大覆盖的监测区域，减少洞穴或者盲区。

    自组织

    在传感器网络应用中，通常情况下传感器节点被放置在没有基础结构的地方，传感器节点的位置不能预先精确设定，节点之间的相互邻居关系预先也不知道，如通过飞机播撒大量传感器节点到面积广阔的原始森林中，或随意放置到人不可到达或危险的区域。这样就要求传感器节点具有自组织的能力，能够自动进行配置和管理，通过拓扑控制机制和网络协议自动形成转发监测数据的多跳无线网络系统。

    在传感器网络使用过程中，部分传感器节点由于能量耗尽或环境因素造成失效，也有一些节点为了弥补失效节点、增加监测精度而补充到网络中，这样在传感器网络中的节点个数就动态地增加或减少，从而使网络的拓扑结构随之动态地变化。传感器网络的自组织性要能够适应这种网络拓扑结构的动态变化。

    动态性

    传感器网络的拓扑结构可能因为下列因素而改变：①环境因素或电能耗尽造成的传感器节点故障或失效；②环境条件变化可能造成无线通信链路带宽变化，甚至时断时通；③传感器网络的传感器、感知对象和观察者这三要素都可能具有移动性；④新节点的加入。这就要求传感器网络系统要能够适应这种变化，具有动态的系统可重构性。

    可靠性

    WSN特别适合部署在恶劣环境或人类不宜到达的区域，节点可能工作在露天环境中，遭受日晒、风吹、雨淋，甚至遭到人或动物的破坏。传感器节点往往采用随机部署，如通过飞机撒播或发射炮弹到指定区域进行部署。这些都要求传感器节点非常坚固，不易损坏，适应各种恶劣环境条件。无线传感器网络

    由于监测区域环境的限制以及传感器节点数目巨大，不可能人工“照顾”每个传感器节点，网络的维护十分困难甚至不可维护。传感器网络的通信保密性和安全性也十分重要，要防止监测数据被盗取和获取伪造的监测信息。因此，传感器网络的软硬件必须具有鲁棒性和容错性。

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