PR6423/10R-010

EPRO    PR6423/10R-010

   把一个正弦交流电能完全确定，而且是唯一的正弦量，只要知道最大值、角频率和初相位，就既可以写出它的数学表达式，又可以画出它的波形图，所以把这三个物理量称为正弦交流电的三要素。

    （一）最大值（也称为峰值或幅值），Em、Um、Im

    最大值就是最大的瞬时值。在一个周期内必然出现一个正值和一个负值两次。

    （二）角频率（ω）

    通常把正弦交流电在任一瞬间所处的角度称为电角度，每变化一周的电角度为360°，也称为2π弧度（rad）。角频率是正弦交流电在秒钟内变化的弧度，用符号表示，单位为弧度/秒，用符号rad/s表示。因为交流电一周的弧度是2π，所以频率为f的交流电，在一秒内变化的弧度为2πf，角频率可表示为:ω=2πf

    (三）初相位与相位差φ、φ1-φ2

    初相位就是正弦量在起始时间的相位。在波形图上，初相位规定为正半波的起点与坐标原点之间的夹角。当φ=0时，正半波起点正好落在原点O上；当φ＞0时，则正半波起点在原点O的左边；当φ＜0时，正半波起点在原点O的右边。

    初相波形图

    相位差是指两个同频率正弦量的相位（或初相位）之差。两个同频率正弦交流电的相位差与时间无关。所以，不同频率的两个正弦量，讨论它们间的相位差是没有意义的。

    在分析交流电路时，常需要比较几个不同频率的正弦量之间的相位关系，此时，可任选一个正弦量的初相位零作参考正弦量，其它各量则可按与参考正弦量的相位差来确定其初相，但讨论过程中不可变更。

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