8440-1546

WOODWARD  8440-1546

  

  热电偶测温的基本原理是两种不同成份的材质导体组成闭合回路，当两端存在温度梯度时，回路中就会有电流通过，此时两端之间就存在电动势—热电动势，这就是所谓的塞贝克效应。

    两种不同成份的导体(称为热电偶丝材或热电极)两端接合成回路，当接合点的温度不同时，在回路中就会产生电动势，这种现象称为热电效应，而这种电动势称为热电势。

    热电偶就是利用这种原理进行温度测量的，其中，直接用作测量介质温度的一端叫做工作端(也称为测量端)，另一端叫做冷端(也称为补偿端);冷端与显示仪表或配套仪表连接，显示仪表会指出热电偶所产生的热电势。

    而影响热电偶温度传感器工作的因素也很多，其中插入深度、响应时间、热阻抗增加、热辐射四个因素是最主要的因素，以下做详细介绍。

    热电偶测温点的选择是最重要的。测温点的位置，对于生产工艺过程而言，一定要具有典型性、代表性，否则将失去测量与控制的意义。热电偶插入被测场所时，沿着传感器的长度方向将产生热流。当环境温度低时就会有热损失。致使热电偶温度传感器与被测对象的温度不一致而产生测温误差。总之，由热传导而引起的误差，与插入深度有关。而插入深度又与保护管材质有关。金属保护管因其导热性能好，其插入深度应该深一些，陶瓷材料绝热性能好，可插入浅一些。对于工程测温，其插入深度还与测量对象是静止或流动等状态有关，如流动的液体或高速气流温度的测量，将不受上述限制，插入深度可以浅一些，具体数值应由实验确定。

    在高温下使用的热电偶温度传感器，如果被测介质为气态，那么保护管表面沉积的灰尘等将烧熔在表面上，使保护管的热阻抗增大;如果被测介质是熔体，在使用过程中将有炉渣沉积，不仅增加了热电偶的响应时间，而且还使指示温度偏低。

    因此，除了定期检定外，为了减少误差，经常抽检也是必要的。例如，进口铜熔炼炉，不仅安装有连续测温热电偶温度传感器，还配备消耗型热电偶测温装置，用于及时校准连续测温用热电偶的准确度。

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